Canada’s approach to animal welfare justice is often viewed as moderate—but not leading—on the world stage. While federal provisions such as Sections 444–447 of the Criminal Code prohibit “unnecessary pain, suffering or injury” and require basic care does exist, it is somewhat vague and under utilized by police services.
By contrast, many European nations and other jurisdictions offer stronger statutory protections. European cruelty and welfare statutes also tend to prioritize animal sentience and biological needs, rather than human economic interests—a contrast to Canada’s historically utilitarian focus.
Provincial governments share responsibility for animal welfare. In Ontario, enforcement of the PAWS Act (Provincial Animal Welfare Services Act) began in 2020 when enforcement transitioned from the Ontario SPCA to government inspectors. Inspectors can issue orders and seize animals, but inspectors are quite limited as to their powers. PAWS Inspectors do not possess the authority to file criminal charges for animal abuse/neglect. They can only lay charges under the Provincial Offences Act. The burden of proof is much lower and the corresponding fines/penalties reflect this lower bar. As well, people convicted under the Provincial Offences Act do not have a criminal record and the conviction is not recognized outside the province.
While all police services in Ontario fall under the umbrella of the Ministry of the Solicitor General, there is a complete lack of consistent response by police services in Ontario in regard to animal welfare related issues and charging of offences.
Key hurdles include weak federal protections, significant gaps in enforcement, and philosophical frameworks that continue to treat animals primarily as human property. Ontario illustrates both the system’s potential and its shortcomings—inspectorate structures exist, yet enforcement is inconsistent, and public concern grows over clear welfare failures. Globally, countries embracing stronger statutory mandates, clearer enforcement, and a rights‑based approach are setting more robust precedents for what true animal welfare justice can look like.